Identification of homophily and preferential recruitment in. Chainreferral sampling that starts with a limited number of seeds who refer their peers. Consistency for the tree bootstrap in respondentdriven. Total population data on age, tribe, religion, socioeconomic status, sexual activity, and hiv status were available on a population of 2402 male household heads from an open cohort in rural uganda. Given that respondents generally cannot be interviewed more than once, this assumption is counterfactual. Download pdf show page numbers respondentdriven sampling rds is a method for drawing probability samples of hidden, or alternatively, hardtoreach, populations. Scheim1, jake pyne2, robb travers3 and rebecca hammond4 abstract background.
Although the method is often effective at attaining large and varied samples, its reliance on convenience. Modeling preferential recruitment for respondentdriven. The rds recruitment process is designed to spread through the social network connecting members of the target population. Richard g white,1 amy lansky,2 sharad goel,3 david wilson,4 wolfgang hladik,5 avi hakim,5 simon dw frost6 respondent driven sampling rds is a. Respondent driven sampling rds is a method for drawing probability samples of hidden, or alternatively, hardtoreach, populations. The use of snowball sampling in research on hidden populations created a widespread perception of snowball sampling in particular and chainreferral methods in general as convenience sampling methods. Pdf respondentdriven sampling is a network sampling technique typi cally employed for hardtoreach populations for example, drug users, men who.
Respondent driven sampling is an approach for estimating features of populations that are difficult to access using standard survey tools, e. Hidden population size estimation from respondentdriven. This paper introduces a new variant of chainreferral sampling, respondent driven sampling, that employs a dual system of structured incentives to overcome some of the deficiencies of such samples. Over the past decade, respondent driven sampling rds has become recognised as a viable option for rigorous sampling of hardtoreach populations. Respondent driven sampling rds, introduced by heckathorn 1997, also 2002, 2007, see also salganik and heckathorn, 2004, volz and heckathorn 2008 is an approach to sampling design and inference in hardtoreach populations. Formative research to optimize respondent driven sampling surveys among hardtoreach populations in hiv behavioral and biological surveillance.
Respondent driven sampling rds is a networkbased technique for estimating traits in hardtoreach populations, for example, the prevalence of hiv among drug injectors. Probability based estimation theory for respondent driven sampling. Sampling and estimation in hidden populations using. This changed with the development of respondent driven sampling rds, a widely used network sampling method in which the linktracing design is adapted to provide the basis for statistical inference.
Either populations that are hidden because no one thought to enumerate or list them, and therefore, we dont have a traditional sampling frame. Hidden population size estimation from respondentdriven sampling. First, they lack a sampling frame, that is, an exhaustive list of population members from which the. How to implement respondentdriven sampling in practice. Linktracing as applied to hidden populations, often described as snowball sampling, was initially considered a form of convenience sampling.
This article presents the results of a pilot feasibility study comparing two alternative recruitment approaches based on respondent driven sampling using initial seeds selected from a us nationally representative panel, amerispeak, to augment the number of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender lgbt respondents to a short web survey on smoking. Rds is a methodology designed to sample hardtoreach groups of individuals who are socially connected. A new approach to the study of hidden populations douglas d. Variance estimation, design effects, and sample size. A r e s o u r c e g u i d e f o r s t e e r i n g c o m m i t t e e s 1 table of contents. Probability based estimation theory for respondent driven sampling erik volz1 and douglas d. It produces population estimates that are asymptotically.
Respondent driven sampling by matthias schonlau, elisabeth. Introduction to respondentdriven sampling world health organization. It is effectively used to avoid bias in snowball sampling. Bengtsson l, lu x, nguyen qc, camitz m, hoang nl, liljeros f, thorson a et al. Respondentdriven sampling is a network sampling technique typi cally employed for hardtoreach populations for example, drug users, men who have sex with men, people with hiv. Salganik is with the department of sociology, 1180 amsterdam avenue, new york, ny 10027, usa. Respondent driven sampling rds is a network sampling methodology used worldwide to sample key populations at high risk for hivaids who often practice stigmatizedillegal behaviors and are not typically reachable by conventional sampling techniques. The recruiting process repeats iteratively, thereby forming long referral. Respondentdriven sampling in a study of drug users in new.
Respondent s recruiting serial numbers serial numbers from the coupons the respondent is given to recruit others. Use of respondentdriven sampling to enhance understanding. Johnston lg, whitehead s, simiclawson m, kendall c. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome epidemiology middle east africa, northern 2. Respondentdriven sampling in the real world semantic scholar. By tracing the links in the underlying social network, the process exploits the social structure to expand the sample and reduce its dependence on the. Respondent driven sampling rds is a network sampling technique typically employed for hardtoreach populations e.
Respondentdriven sampling the university of texas at dallas. Introduction to hiv aids and sexually transmitted infection. Intervenable factors associated with suicide risk in transgender persons. Identification of homophily and preferential recruitment. The authors shown below used federal funds provided by the u. Respondent driven sampling rds is a method for recruiting hidden populations, such as people who inject drugs pwid.
Probability based estimation theory for respondent driven. But such traditional snowball sampling techniques have many inherent problems that undermine population estimates. Respondent driven sampling rds is a chainreferral method for sampling members of a hidden or hardtoreach population such as sex workers, homeless people, or drug users via their social network. Similarly to snowball sampling, initial seed respondents recruit additional respondents from their network of friends. Respondent driven sampling rds is a linktracing procedure used in epidemiologic research on hidden or hardtoreach populations in which subjects recruit others via their social networks. In recent years rds has been used in more than 120 studies in more than 20 countries and by leading public health organizations, including the centers for disease control and prevention in. In recent years rds has been used in more than 120 studies in more than 20 countries and by leading public health organizations, including the centers for disease control and prevention in the united states. Heckathorn,cornell university researchers studying hidden populations including injection drug users, men who have sex with men. Respondent driven sampling is a network sampling technique typi cally employed for hardtoreach populations for example, drug users, men who have sex with men, people with hiv. Respondentdriven sampling rds is a networkbased method for sampling hidden and hardtoreach populations that has been. Respondent driven sampling is a network sampling technique typically employed for hardtoreach populations for example, drug users, men who have sex with men, people with hiv. Beginning with a convenience sample, participants pass coupons to invite their contacts to join the sample. Heckathorn, university of connecticut a population is hidden when no sampling frame exists and public acknowledgment of membership in.
References respondentdriven sampling references peer driven intervention references core rds references. It is a networkbased sampling method that starts with a convenience sample and incentivises respondents not only to participate in the survey themselves but also to get their contacts from the target population to participate. Respondentdriven sampling rds is one method that can be used to. Respondentdriven sampling in the real world semantic. Implementation of webbased respondent driven sampling among men who have sex with men in vietnam. In some cases, these hidden populations are socially stigmatized, and the. Respondentdriven sampling columbia university mailman. Respondent driven sampling rds is a relatively new method that allows researchers to collect such information about hidden or hardtoreach groups, and the work of mccreesh and colleagues provides an important contribution to our understanding of rds. Abidjan youth respondentdriven sampling survey abidjan. Participants were recruited through respondent driven sampling rds, which is a strategy for reaching stigmatized or hidden communities greiner et al.
Similar to snowball sampling, initial seed respondents recruit additional respondents from their network of friends. So overall, respondent driven sampling has emerged as an important technique in recent decades for sampling hidden populations. Networkbased referral is currently the only viable method to reach labor trafficking victims. Respondent driven sampling is a commonly used method for sampling from hardtoreach human populations connected by an underlying social network of relations. Respondentdriven sampling rds is a linktracing procedure used in epidemiologic research on hidden or hardtoreach populations in which subjects recruit others via their social networks. Assessment of respondent driven sampling for recruiting.
Test of a hybrid method of sampling the lgbt population. In this article we draw on previous research on respondent driven sampling. Estimates from rds studies may have poor statistical properties due to statistical dependence in sampled subjects traits. Respondent driven sampling rds is one method that can be used to reach these populations. Respondent driven sampling involves both a field sampling technique and custom estimation procedures that correct for the presence of homophily on attributes in the population. Chain referral, link tracing network sampling method based on social network theory. Respondent driven sampling 243 this paper makes two main contributions. Methods for inference from respondentdriven sampling data. Deriving valid population estimates from chainreferral samples of hidden populations douglas d. Editorial respondent driven sampling where we are and. Douglas heckathorn, a professor of sociology at cornell and has been applied to groups ranging from men who have sex with men, injection drug users, children. Heckathorn2 many populations of interest present special challenges for traditional survey methodology when it is dif. Respondentdriven sampling rds employs a variant of a linktracing network sampling strategy to collect data from hardtoreach populations.
Participants were recruited through respondentdriven sampling rds, which is a strategy for reaching stigmatized or hidden communities greiner et al. This sampling method, known as respondent driven sampling rds, is a variant of chainreferral sampling that utilizes an incentive for being interviewed and another incentive for recruiting peers other fsws to be interviewed. We evaluated respondent driven sampling by comparing estimates from a respondent driven sampling survey with total population data. Introduction to respondent driven sampling world health organization. Sampling hardtoreach populations with respondent driven. This paper introduces rds methods and describes some of the advantages and challenges to implementing and analysing surveys that use rds. Classical respondent driven sampling rds estimators are based on a markov process model in which sampling occurs with replacement. Respondentdriven sampling matthias schonlau, elisabeth. Respondent driven sampling with online recruitment and. Respondentdriven sampling rds is a relatively new method that allows researchers to collect such information about hidden or hardtoreach groups, and the work of mccreesh and colleagues provides an important contribution to our understanding of rds. Regional office for the eastern mediterranean introduction to hivaids and sexually transmitted infection surveillance.
Department of justice and prepared the following final report. Respondent driven sampling rds,1 a relatively new method being used to draw probability samples of hidden populations, incorporates some methods of snowball sampling, such as chain referral sampling, but includes additional provisions to minimize bias. Hiv surveillance module 4 introduction to respondentdriven sampling. The recruiting process repeats iteratively, thereby forming long referral chains. Pdf implementation and analysis of respondent driven sampling. Similar to snowball sampling, initial seed respondents recruit additional respondents from.
References respondent driven sampling references peer driven intervention references core rds references. Snowball sampling, also known as a reputational sampling, relies upon personal contacts of the people interviewed to gather information about other prospective respondents trochim 2006. Journal of urban healthbulletin of the new york academy of medicine, 83, 98112. Rds uses a modified snowball sampling method to recruit research participants heckathorn 1997, 2002. Intervenable factors associated with suicide risk in. Implementation of webbased respondentdriven sampling among men who have sex with men in vietnam. Introduction to hivaids and sexually transmitted infection surveillance. Respondent driven sampling where we are and where should we be going. In rds, participants recruit their peers into the study. Populations such as these are difficult to sample using standard survey research methods for two reasons. Apr, 2010 respondent driven sampling rds is a networkbased technique for estimating traits in hardtoreach populations, for example, the prevalence of hiv among drug injectors. Rds is a type of snowball sampling used for analyzing characteristics of hidden or hardtoreach populations. Respondent driven sampling rds is a survey method for hidden populations that relies on social link tracing. Respondentdriven sampling rds sage research methods.
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